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Monarques Gold $MQR.ca Announces a Positive Updated Prefeasibility Study for the Croinor Gold Property $MUX.ca $SII.ca

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 8:11 AM on Thursday, February 8th, 2018

Emerging gold producer in Abitibi (CNW Group/Monarques Gold Corporation)

The study shows improved project economics and an increase in reserves

Highlights

  • 10% increase in proven and probable reserves
  • 16% decrease in average operating cost, to US $639 per ounce of gold
  • 13% decrease in total costs, to US $902 per ounce of gold
  • Average annual gold production of 31,472 ounces over four years
  • After-tax IRR of 30%
  • Project still has excellent exploration potential

MONTREAL, Feb. 8, 2018MONARQUES GOLD CORPORATION (“Monarques” or the “Corporation”) (TSX-V:MQR) (OTCMKTS:MRQRF) (FRANKFURT:MR7) is pleased to report the results of an updated prefeasibility study for its wholly-owned Croinor Gold property near Val-d’Or, Québec. The prefeasibility study was prepared by InnovExplo Inc. in conjunction with Amec Foster Wheeler and WSP Canada Inc.

Located near Route 117 (Trans-Canada Highway), the Croinor Gold property is accessible by gravel road, and has an access ramp and development shaft. In addition, the Val-d’Or mining camp is a recognized, world-class mining camp with a skilled workforce and high-quality infrastructure. These are all attributes that favour the development of the Croinor Gold mine.

The prefeasibility study presents an underground operation that produces ore to be processed at the Beacon mill. The project has an expected mine life of less than four years, including one year of pre-production. The study highlights are presented below, and the prefeasibility study itself will be filed on SEDAR in the coming weeks. Note that all amounts in this press release are in Canadian dollars unless otherwise indicated.

PREFEASIBILITY STUDY HIGHLIGHTS

The prefeasibility study indicates that, at a gold price of US $1,280/oz and an exchange rate of CA $1.28/US $1,  the Croinor Gold mine could generate an after-tax net present value (“NPV”) of $18.3 million (using a 5% discount rate) and an after-tax internal rate of return (“IRR”) of 30%. The mine could produce an average of 31,472 ounces per year for the life of the mine, at an average operating cost of US $639/oz and an estimated total cost of US $902/oz.

Table of financial parameters

Parameter

Value

Proven and probable reserves

602,994

tonnes mined

Proven and probable reserves grade (1)

6.66

g/t mined

Total gold reserves

125,889

oz

Gold recovery

97.5

%

Minimum daily production

446

tpd

Maximum daily production

583

tpd

Average annual gold production

31,472

oz

Total amount of gold produced

125,889

oz

Average production cost

$175.02

/t

Average operating cost

US $639

/oz

Total cost per ounce

US $902

/oz

Total gross revenue

$206.3

million

Capital cost (2)

$50.7

million

Total operating cost

$94.6

million

Total project cost

$145.3

million

Net cash flow (before taxes and royalties)

$40.9

million

Estimated taxes

$15.7

million

Net cash flow

$25.2

million

Pre-tax NPV (5% discount rate)

$31.9

million

Pre-tax IRR

47.5

%

After-tax NPV (5% discount rate)

$18.3

million

After-tax IRR

30.0

%

Payback period

2.2

years

Pre-production period

12

months

Mine life (production period)

2.6

years

(1)

Volume and grade account for dilution and ore recovery.

(2)

Includes approximately $17.2 million in sustaining capital.

 

“This updated prefeasibility study has significantly improved the profitability forecasts for the Croinor Gold project, as well as increasing the proven and probable reserves,” said Jean-Marc Lacoste, President and Chief Executive Officer of Monarques. “It is also important to note that the study did not include the results from the 25,645 metres of drilling done on and around Croinor Gold since November 2015. Based on the results received to date, it is clear that the project still has excellent exploration potential. Our goal for our future drilling programs is to extend the life of the Croinor Gold project by increasing the resource.”

PREFEASIBILITY STUDY DETAILS

Mineral resource

The mineral resource estimate used in the prefeasibility study was published previously in a report titled “Technical Report and 2015 Mineral Resource Estimate Update for the Croinor Gold Property”, dated January 8, 2016 (Poirier et al., 2016 ).

At a cut-off grade of 4 g/t Au, the measured resource is 80,100 tonnes at 8.44 g/t Au, or 21,700 ounces, the indicated resource is 724,500 tonnes at 9.20 g/t Au, or 214,300 ounces, and the inferred resource is 160,800 tonnes at 7.42 g/t Au, or 38,400 ounces. Only the measured and indicated resource was used for the prefeasibility study.

Mineral reserves

Mineral reserves were classified in accordance with the CIM Definition Standards for Mineral Resources and Mineral Reserves. The mineral reserves for the project take into account the dilution and ore recovery associated with the selected mining method.

MSO (Mineable Shape Optimizer) software, a CAE Studio 5D software application, was used to determine the resources to be converted to reserves. The MSO software defines the mineral zones from the block model based on specified stope parameters, and the stope shapes are then optimized manually.

Two mining methods appear to be the best suited to the Croinor deposit: long hole, and room and pillar. Two MSO runs were done on the block model to select the most appropriate method, using the parameters shown below for the two methods. The manual stope design takes into account a minimum mining width of 1.8 m for the long-hole stopes and a mining height of 1.8 m for the room-and-pillar stopes.

Design parameters for the long-hole mining method:

  • Cut-off grade: 4.42 g/t
  • Minimum mining width: 1.8 m (stope thickness)
  • Mining dilution of 30% on the hanging wall (grade = 0 g/t)
  • Minimum angle of the stope footwall: 43 degrees
  • Sublevel interval of 15 m along dip

Design parameters for the room-and-pillar mining method:

  • Cut-off grade: 4.57 g/t
  • Minimum mining height: 1.8 m
  • Mining dilution of 5% on the hanging wall (grade = 0 g/t)
  • Maximum mining width: 3 m (stope thickness)
  • Maximum stope angle of 45 degrees.

The estimated proven and probable reserves, as summarized in the following table, totals 129,292 ounces after applying the appropriate mining recovery and dilution factors for the method selected.

Estimate of the diluted mineral reserves

Category

Tonnes 

Grade

Ounces

(t)

(g/t)

(oz)

Proven reserves

166,540

5.33

28,543

Probable reserves

436,454

7.18

100,759

Total proven and probable reserves

602,994

6.66

129,292

  • The independent qualified persons for the mineral reserve estimate, as defined by National Instrument 43-101, is Laurent Roy, Eng., OIQ #109779, of InnovExplo Inc. The effective date of the estimate is January 19, 2018.
  • The economic viability of the mineral reserves has been demonstrated.
  • Results include dilution of 30% for the long-hole stopes, based on a minimum mining width of 1.8 m, and 5% dilution for the room-and-pillar stopes, based on a minimum mining working height of 1.8 m.
  • Results reflect an ore recovery of 95% for the long-hole stopes (pillars left in place are not included in the estimate) and 85% for the room-and-pillar stopes.
  • Gold recovery at the Beacon mill is 97.5%.
  • The mineral reserves were compiled using cut-off grades of 4.42 g/t Au (long hole) and 4.57 g/t Au (room and pillar). The appropriate cut-off grade will vary depending on the economic context and the operating parameters determined.
  • A density of 2.80 t/m3 was used.
  • Ounce (troy) = tonnes x grade / 31.1035. Calculations used metric units (metres, tonnes and g/t).
  • The mineral reserves were estimated using a long-term gold price of CA $1,656.68 per ounce (gold price of US $1,252.21 per ounce and an exchange rate of CA $1.323 /US $1).
  • Estimated tonnage and ounces were rounded to the nearest hundred. Any discrepancies in the totals are due to the effect of rounding; rounding followed the recommendations in Form 43-101F1.
  • CIM guidance and definitions were followed in the preparation of this mineral reserve estimate.
  • InnovExplo is not aware of any known environmental, permitting, legal, title-related, taxation, socio-political, marketing or other relevant issue that could materially affect the mineral resource estimate.

Ore recovery and dilution

The dilution and recovery factors applied in the mine plan and the reserve estimate are based on a geomechanical assessment of the rocks and the application of factors commonly used for the selected method.

For the long-hole method, the stopes and pillars were established manually based on the geomechanical assessment. A dilution factor of 30% at a grade of 0 g/t was applied for the long-hole stopes and a 95% recovery factor was then applied to the remaining tonnage.

For the room and pillar method, a 5% dilution factor was applied to the stopes, which were then evaluated using a recovery factor of 85%.

Cut-off grade

Each stope that was close to the cut-off grade was evaluated individually to determine whether it should be included in the study or discarded. A metal price of US $1,252.21 at an exchange rate of CA $1.323/US $1 was used to calculate the cut-off grade. The remaining parameters used in the cut-off grade calculation are shown in the following table.

Cut-ff grade parameters

Category

Long hole

Room and pillar

Operating cost

$175.96/t

$225.54/t

Mint cost

$5.00/oz

$5.00/oz

Mill recovery

97.5%

97.5%

Mining dilution

30%

5.0%

Cut-off grade

4.42 g/t

4.57 g/t

Mining

The proposed mining plan for the Croinor Gold property covers underground mining of narrow subvertical veins. A large portion of the identified resources dip at less than 45 degrees, which is not favourable for long-hole mining, as the broken ore does not flow easily.

The mining plan for the Croinor Gold property comprises a combination of conventional and mechanized mining. The approach in the study was to favour the long-hole mining method wherever possible. When the angle of the footwall was less than 43 degrees, room and pillar mining was selected. The mineralized zones were defined using MSO software and stope design was then done manually to optimize recovery.

The ore will be transported to the surface using a combination of 3.5-yard and 6-yard scooptrams and 30-ton trucks. Waste material will either be brought to the surface or used to backfill mined-out stopes when possible. The deposit will be accessed via a ramp. The existing ramp will be restored to level 125 and a new section will be excavated to access all the reserves. The production drifts will be accessed via crosscuts connecting to the ramp.

Existing mine infrastructure

The Croinor deposit is serviced by a ramp measuring approximately 300 m long and 4 m high by 4.5 m wide extending to level 125 (38 m), and by a 195-m deep, three-compartment shaft. Development was driven on four levels: 496 m on level 125; 560 m on level 250; 233 m on level 375; and 730 m on level 500. Approximately 320 m of raise development was also done. The Croinor Gold mine is currently flooded to the portal entrance.

Production schedule

InnovExplo developed a preliminary development and production schedule that takes into account the existing underground workings. Mine operation is based on a production schedule of two 10-hour shifts per day, seven days per week. The underground mine is designed for mining over a period of nearly four years, including one year of pre-production, to produce 602,994 tonnes of ore grading 6.66 g/t. Using a mill recovery of 97.50%, this translates into 125,889 ounces of gold produced over the period.

The ore will be mined using the long-hole and room-and-pillar methods at a ratio of 62% to 16%, with the remaining 22% of the ore coming from development work. The mine plan includes all the development required to access and mine the mineralized zones. The following table shows the production schedule over the life of the mine.

Production schedule over the life of the mine (from the prefeasibility study)

Production

Year 1  

Year 2  

Year 3  

Year 4  

Total  

Development (t)

35,907

57,502

30,026

9,731

133,165

Grade (g/t)

4.44

5.34

4.32

2.89

4.69

Long hole (t)

22,132

107,484

128,904

116,488

375,007

Grade (g/t)

6.30

7.26

6.84

6.81

6.92

Room and pillar (t)

4,362

36,657

50,984

2,818

94,821

Grade (g/t)

6.18

8.90

8.36

6.42

8.41

Tonnage mined (t)

62,401

201,642

209,914

129,036

602,994

Grade (g/t)

5.22

7.01

6.85

6.50

6.66

Recovery (%)

97.50%

97.50%

97.50%

97.50%

97.50%

Gold produced (oz)

10,211

44,291

45,079

26,308

125,889

Processing and metallurgy

The ore mined at Croinor Gold will be processed at the Beacon mill in the Val-d’Or area, which will have excess capacity during the period that the Croinor Gold mine is in production. Ore mined previously from the Croinor open pit was processed at a local mill, and the actual results of that processing were used as a basis for the 97.50% gold recovery used in the current study.

Infrastructure

A 25 kV power line will be installed between the former Chimo mine and the Croinor Gold property to supply electricity to the property. To reduce haulage distances, a new 8-km, grade 3 logging road will be built, using a bridge/culvert system to cross a 25-m wide river. The existing roads leading to the site and those on the site will need to be upgraded.

The mine will be dewatered and the 300 m ramp and approximately 720 m of the 2 km of drifts on the existing levels will be restored and extended to meet the mine’s needs. The current 195-m shaft will be rehabilitated and used as a ventilation raise and escapeway. The ore and waste will be hauled to surface via the ramp. One of the existing buildings will be outfitted for use as a warehouse, and other buildings will be built to serve as changing facilities, offices, garages and a core shack.

Environmental studies and permits

The Corporation has a certificate of authorization for mine operation issued in September 2010 and a certificate of authorization for mill operation issued in February 2017. Other studies and permits relating to the environment, site restoration and the crown pillar, which are required for mine operation, have also been carried out or obtained. An authorization for mine dewatering and other accessory permits will be obtained when the project starts.

Various permits and authorizations will also be obtained for the transportation infrastructure, and compliance of plans and specifications with the fisheries protection provisions will be verified with the regulatory authorities if required.

Operating costs

Operating costs over the life of the mine are estimated at $817.91 per ounce. The following table shows the cost breakdown.

Summary of total life-of-mine operating costs

Description

Total cost

Unit cost

Unit cost

($ millions)

($/t)

($/oz)

Definition drilling

1.1

2.04

9.55

Stope development

23.2

42.84

200.20

Mining

22.6

41.75

195.10

Monarques mining staff (salaries)

9.8

18.08

84.50

Contractors (indirect costs)

14.9

27.56

128.80

Energy

4.8

8.90

41.61

Milling

11.0

20.39

95.29

Ore transportation

4.3

7.88

36.81

Environment

3.0

5.58

26.07

Total

94.6

175.02

817.91

Capital costs

Pre-production costs are estimated at $33.53 million, including $22.61 million in capitalized operating costs, net of production revenue received during the pre-production period. Sustaining capital is estimated at $17.20 million, excluding $0.96 million for final closure costs.

Capital cost breakdown

Description

Pre-production

Sustaining

Total costs

($ millions)

($ millions)

($ million)

Capitalized revenue

(16.43)

(16.43)

Capitalized operating costs

22.61

22.61

Dewatering and rehabilitation

1.59

0.13

1.72

Surface infrastructure (temporary)

0.69

0.36

1.06

Mining infrastructure

8.08

0.30

8.38

Electrical distribution (surface)

1.69

0.51

2.19

Underground pumping system

0.20

0.42

0.62

Underground ventilation system

0.63

0.07

0.70

Lateral development

9.47

13.90

23.37

Beacon mill upgrade

2.17

1.28

3.46

Tailings facility upgrade

0.39

0.39

Mobile equipment

0.22

0.23

0.45

Environment

2.20

2.20

Total

33.53

17.20

50.73

Financial analysis

An after-tax model was developed for the Croinor Gold property. All costs are in 2017 Canadian dollars, with no allowance for inflation or escalation. The Croinor Gold property is subject to the following taxes:

  • Quebec mining duties
  • Federal and provincial income taxes

The economic valuation of the project was performed using the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV) methods. The IRR on an investment is defined as the rate of interest earned on the unrecovered balance of an investment. The NPV method converts all cash flows for investments and revenues occurring throughout the planning horizon of a project to an equivalent single sum at present time at a specific discount rate. The discount rate used in the analysis is 5%. According to the NPV method, a positive NPV represents a profitable investment where the initial investment plus any financing interests are recovered.

Qualified persons

The technical and scientific content of this press release has been reviewed and approved by Marc-André Lavergne, Eng., Monarques’s qualified person under National Instrument 43‑101.

The prefeasibility study was prepared by InnovExplo, an independent firm, under the supervision of the following independent qualified persons (as defined by National Instrument 43-101): Laurent Roy, Eng., and Denis Gourde, Eng., for the engineering and economic evaluation component; and Karine Brousseau, Eng., for the resource component. The technical content of this press release has been reviewed and approved by the qualified persons of InnovExplo.

ABOUT MONARQUES GOLD CORPORATION

Monarques Gold Corp (TSX.V:MQR) is an emerging gold producer focused on pursuing growth through its large portfolio of high-quality projects in the Abitibi mining camp in Quebec, Canada. The Corporation currently owns close to 300 km² of gold properties (see map), including the Beaufor Mine, the Croinor Gold (see video), Wasamac, McKenzie Break and Swanson advanced projects, and the Camflo and Beacon mills, as well as six promising exploration projects. It also offers custom milling services out of its 1,600 tonne-per-day Camflo mill. Monarques enjoys a strong financial position and has more than 150 skilled employees who oversee its operating, development and exploration activities.

Forward-Looking Statements

The forward-looking statements in this press release involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause Monarques’ actual results, performance and achievements to be materially different from the results, performance or achievements expressed or implied therein. Neither TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this press release.

SOURCE Monarques Gold Corporation

View original content with multimedia: http://www.newswire.ca/en/releases/archive/February2018/08/c1472.html

Jean-Marc Lacoste, President and Chief Executive Officer, 1-888-994-4465, [email protected], www.monarquesgold.com; Elisabeth Tremblay, Senior Geologist – Communications Specialist, 1-888-994-4465, [email protected], www.monarquesgold.comCopyright CNW Group 2018

5 #Blockchain Opportunities No Company Can Afford To Miss $SX $SX.ca $IDK.ca $AAO.ca #Blockstation

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 12:56 PM on Wednesday, February 7th, 2018
  • blockchain phenomenon appears to be gathering pace as we head into 2018
  • With big announcements from the likes of Kodak and Microsoft, it’s clear that there are opportunities beyond finance where it has already taken a foothold

Bernard Marr , Contributor Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own.

The blockchain phenomenon appears to be gathering pace as we head into 2018. With big announcements from the likes of Kodak and Microsoft, it’s clear that there are opportunities beyond finance where it has already taken a foothold.

But what are the opportunities for your business? To help start to answer that question I have come up with five areas of activity where a move to distributed, encrypted record keeping could provide a competitive edge.

Reducing costs

Banks and other financial institutions such as insurers have already moved to investigate and adopt blockchain technology. Of course for them it may be a case of survival as the concept is so disruptive to their traditional business model, the danger is that if they don’t act, someone else will.

Banks and credit card companies charge around $2 trillion a year for providing middle-man services such as clearing payments and fraud-checking. Moving to blockchain systems can effectively automate much of this, bringing down costs.

But the characteristics of blockchain which make it so transformative in finance – the transparency, reduced need for trust, and robust, immutable structure of data – can help reduce financial burdens involved with making and recording transactions in many other industries, too.

If centralized, unwieldy and unsecure ledgering and inventory systems can be replaced with a streamlined, distributed blockchain system for record keeping, then there will be reduced need for middle-man functions such as administration and compliance-checking of those records.

Storing data on a blockchain also means it is more reliable. If this data is then being used in your business analytics (e.g. machine data) it is more likely to be accurate and yield insights which will align with real-world objectives.

Increasing traceability

In the food industry there is a huge demand for provenance. Demonstrating that safety and welfare standards have been met at every point of the supply chain is hugely important, for legal and business reasons.

Blockchain has been given rise to the potential of every individual ingredient or product effectively receiving its own “digital passport”, meaning its origin and journey can be traced at any stage of the process.

Traditionally these records will have been kept by a number of different organizations – from growers to pickers, packagers, retailers and deliverer – in a centralized fashion. This leaves multiple points of potential failure, such as data loss, and possibly invites fraudulent activity.

Blockchain has also been enthusiastically adopted by the diamond industry – where provenance is also paramount. UK-based Everledger has recorded details of more than 1.6 million of them on a blockchain, storing data such as their size, color and certificate number. High resolution imagery is used which means diamonds can still be matched to their “digital twins” on the blockchain, even if the unique identifying numbers which are invisibly etched into the stones are removed. It plans to begin doing the same with vintage wine in the near future.

Improving customer experience

Loyalty and reward programs encourage repeat custom and also give access to invaluable insights into buying habits and trends. Traditionally the data from these programs is collated centrally rewards are issued in arrears, after administration and processing.

Moving to a blockchain based system enables reward points to be calculated and issued at the point they are earned. This not only speeds things up, it potentially lets customers use the value in their purchases to receive immediate discounts.

Several startups, such as Qiibee and Loyall, have brought blockchain-based loyalty cards to the market, with the idea that it will make it easier for customers to transfer and trade the value in their freebie vouchers across different retailers.  This could lead to reward and loyalty exchanges, where customers can choose to invest their earned value in what they need right now, rather than what they have previously spent money on. Overall this will lead to happier and more satisfied customers.

READ ENTIRE ARTICLE HERE:  https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/02/07/5-blockchain-opportunities-no-company-can-afford-to-miss/#178c47b71a83

FEATURE: $NSM.ca Northern Sphere Soil Geochemical Success Leads to Staking Rush at Black Diamond by $BHP Billiton $FCX.ca

Posted by AGORACOM at 10:31 AM on Wednesday, February 7th, 2018

    • Black Diamond Property 15km Freeport McMoRan’s open pit porphyry operations, Arizona
    • Intensive Geochemical Survey recovered systematic soil samples on a 50-metre spaced grid
    • Significant anomalous Copper, Zinc and Silver values approach grades at which some deposits are mined
    • Elevated Copper in association with elevated Molybdenum levels, two metals found in association with porphyry copper environments.
    • Steve Gray, Vice President of Northern Sphere, states “Recent claim staking and increased exploration activities near our western claim boundaries by “heavy hitters” has added some urgency for Northern Sphere to continue to add claim ground.

Northern Sphere Mining Corp. (CSE: NSM)  Black Diamond Property 

 

Figure 1: Miami-Globe, Arizona — NSM’s Black Diamond Claims

To view an enhanced version of Figure 2, please visit:
http://orders.newsfilecorp.com/file/2104/31228_a1513098701384_23.jpg

 

Startup Raises $20 Million to Build ‘#YouTube on the #Blockchain’ $SX $SX.ca $IDK.ca #AAO.ca #Blockstation

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 9:12 AM on Tuesday, February 6th, 2018
  • Silicon Valley startup Lino is preparing to take on YouTube with a decentralized, collectively-owned video content distribution system
  • Purports to cut out the middleman to more fairly compensate content creators
Feb 6, 2018 at 02:00 UTC

NEWS

Silicon Valley startup Lino is preparing to take on YouTube with a decentralized, collectively-owned video content distribution system that purports to cut out the middleman to more fairly compensate content creators.

The company, which faces competition from Streamspace, Flixxo, Viuly and Stream, all of which are developing similar concepts, received a $20 million vote of confidence from prominent Chinese seed investor Zhenfund during a private token sale, it announced today.

Explaining the company’s mission, its website says that YouTube holds “enormous power” over creators and focuses on maximizing profit, which can bring it into conflict with its actual creators.

The site continues:

“The solution is to create a collectively owned, decentralized means of distribution, which ensures all content value is directly distributed to content creators and affiliated contributors without going through a privately owned entity as a middleman.”

The company’s LINO tokens will operate as the system’s currency and will be earned by creating and sharing content, as well as from the development of infrastructure and applications on top of the Lino blockchain. In other words, users who run nodes to host content will earn tokens, as will the content creators, according to a Medium post by the group.

“We believe in decentralized, peer-to-peer [content delivery networks (CDN)], but current projects seem not ready for stability and costs,” Lino’s website states.

Instead, it seeks to provide a decentralized CDN through an auction system, which the founders believe will maintain a high standard of work on the platform, according to TechCrunch.

The value of the content will be determined by human engagement with it, which Lino argues will prevent fraud and bots from manipulating the system. Transactions will be free of charge. The “auction system” is a reflection of that engagement – users with more interesting or novel content will receive more of a reward than those who produce less interesting content.

Lino chief executive Wilson Wei told TechCrunch that he expected content creators to garner three to five times the profits they make on YouTube or its competitor site, Twitch.

While the outcome of Lino’s project remains to be seen – the product will launch later this year – Wei expressed confidence in its underlying design. He told TechCrunch:

“The whole content economy is huge, but we believe in the decentralized organization concept. Why don’t we do it and starting the whole revolution starting with video content?”

Image via Shutterstock

Source: https://www.coindesk.com/lino-raises-20-million-youtube-fight/

#Copper hits three-week high as dollar rally pauses, #nickel steady $LBSR $TMBXF

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 12:41 PM on Monday, February 5th, 2018
  • Copper hit a three-week high on Monday as the dollar rally paused and the balance of supply and demand looked to stay relatively tight
  • Dollar remained mired near three-year lows as resurgent U.S. wage inflation data failed to quell scepticism among investors about the currency’s outlook

By Maytaal Angel

LONDON, Feb 5 (Reuters) – Copper hit a three-week high on Monday as the dollar rally paused and the balance of supply and demand looked to stay relatively tight, while nickel climbed after posting its largest daily loss in two months on Friday.

The dollar remained mired near three-year lows as resurgent U.S. wage inflation data failed to quell scepticism among investors about the currency’s outlook.

U.S. payrolls on Friday showed wages growing at their fastest pace in more than eight years.

“The dollar is driving the market,” said Casper Burgering, an analyst at ABN Amro. A weaker dollar makes dollar-priced metals cheaper for non-U.S. investors.

Burgering also said that copper relative to other metals “is lagging, it’s up only 1 percent for the year. It’s undervalued because the fundamentals are really good for this year.”

COPPER, NICKEL PRICES: London Metal Exchange copper closed up 1.8 percent at $7,169 a tonne, having hit its highest since mid-January at $7,220, while nickel ended up 2.4 percent at $13,745 a tonne, having plunged 4 percent on Friday.

Some of China’s stainless steel mills, major consumers of nickel, are losing money at current prices and have already wound down their operations ahead of the week-long Chinese Lunar New Year, broker Argonaut Securities said in a report.

“We expect to see price weakness in nickel going forward,” it said.

* MARKETS: Stock markets were routed around the globe while bond yields climbed as resurgent U.S. inflation raised the possibility central banks would tighten policy more aggressively than had been expected.

* CHINA ECONOMY: China is expected to report solid growth in January trade this week, moderating inflation and renewed bank lending, but the timing of the long Lunar New Year holidays will make it difficult to determine clear trends for at least another month.

* LEAD: Lead prices took a breather from Friday’s 6-1/2 year top, ending down 1 percent at $2,652. Indicating nearby tightness, cash lead traded at a $17.25 a tonne premium to the three month price CMPB0-3.

* ZINC: Indicating nearby tightness, LME data showed one entity holds 80 to 90 percent of zinc warrants, cash and “tom” positions <0#LME-WHT>. Zinc ended up 1.3 percent at $3,548.

* INVESTORS: Hedge funds and money managers cut their net “long” or buy position in COMEX copper in the week to Jan. 30, data showed.

* ALUMINIUM: Russian aluminium maker Rusal estimates that China’s winter capacity cuts will curb output by 1 million tonnes annually. Aluminium ended up 0.1 percent at $2,211.

* TIN: Tin ended up 1.8 percent at $21,920.

Source: https://www.reuters.com/article/global-metals/metals-copper-hits-three-week-high-as-dollar-rally-pauses-nickel-steady-idUSL8N1PV30M

How #palladium’s rally is setting #platinum up for a comeback $NAM.ca $WG.ca $XTM.ca $WM.ca

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 11:44 AM on Monday, February 5th, 2018

  • Palladium futures PAH8, -1.30%  climbed by more than 55% in 2017

By MyraP. Saefong

As palladium prices soar to new records, platinum deserves to get a closer look from investors.

Palladium futures PAH8, -1.30%  climbed by more than 55% in 2017. But the metal’s price rise, “together with concerns regarding availability, have led some auto makers to consider replacing palladium in gasoline cars with platinum, which can be used at a one-to-one ratio,” says Will Rhind, CEO of fund management company GraniteShares. “This could result in a modest decline in palladium demand, but a significant increase in platinum demand.”

His firm recently launched a physically-backed platinum exchange-traded fund in the U.S. — only the second such U.S.-listed investment offering. The GraniteShares Platinum Trust PLTM, -0.57%  began trading on Jan. 22. The new fund arrives on the scene just as platinum looks ready to play catch-up with palladium. Platinum futures PLJ8, -0.04%  finished off last year with a rise of less than 4%.

Year to date, however, platinum futures were up nearly 7% as of Friday, compared with an almost 2% loss for palladium futures. Platinum closed Friday at $999.40 an ounce, versus palladium’s $1,044.95 an ounce.

“We think the rally in palladium seems to have peaked for the time being,” says Rhind.

Palladium has climbed to never-before-seen levels because of tight global supplies and its use in pollution-control catalytic converters in gasoline-powered vehicles.

“Platinum and palladium have very different demand profiles, with palladium demand dominated by its use in emissions control in gasoline cars,” says Rhind. “The global growth in gasoline vehicles has supported palladium demand and price has reflected this.”

Car shiftThe automotive sector shifted away from platinum a number of years ago because it was more expensive than palladium. But with platinum trading at a discount to palladium since October of last year—for the first time in roughly 16 years—platinum may now look somewhat more appealing to the auto industry.

“Platinum is the better metal from a utility standpoint, but higher prices forced the switch,” says Tyler Richey, the co-editor of the Sevens Report. Now that platinum is cheaper than palladium, “we should see the opposite occur.”

That sort of shift, however, doesn’t happen overnight, he says.

Chris Gaffney, president of World Markets at EverBank, agrees. “Shifting the production lines is not something which is easily done for these massive manufacturing companies. Many of these major automobile manufacturers have a long-term goal of switching to all electric-power plants, so spending money to switch from palladium back to platinum may not make sense,” he says.

Either way, Gaffney sees platinum outperforming palladium this year.

“Platinum has not kept pace with palladium and should revert back to trading at a premium, especially if we start to see catalytic-converter companies making the switch back to platinum.”

Check out: How lithium and cobalt are getting a boost from Tesla, Apple batteries

Demand climbPlatinum also doubles as a precious metal, and it’s expected to get an additional lift from jewelry demand, which should “rebound and accelerate” this year, says Richey.

The World Platinum Investment Council (WPIC), which helped GraniteShares fund the development and launch of its ETF, forecasts a 2% rise to 8.03 million ounces in overall platinum demand for 2018, compared with 2017. Total global supplies of the metal are expected to fall by 1% this year to 7.755 million ounces, leaving a shortfall of 275,000 ounces.

The WPIC also forecast a climb in global platinum jewelry demand of 3% this year, which would mark the first annual increase since 2014. “Platinum is a metal with a very wide industrial application base, but it is also a precious metal and a store of value,” said Rhind.

Gaffney says that by year end, it’s reasonable to expect platinum prices to be at $1,250 an ounce, with palladium a bit lower than that at $1,200 an ounce. That would imply a 25% rise in platinum prices from Friday’s settlement.

Source: https://www.marketwatch.com/story/how-palladiums-rally-is-setting-platinum-up-for-a-comeback-2018-02-03

The week in #marijuana deals: Emerald online, #ABcann gets clinical and #Wheaton goes to Uruguay $N.ca $ACB.ca $HIP.ca $WEED.ca $CMED.ca $TBP.ca

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 10:31 AM on Monday, February 5th, 2018

  • Namaste Technologies Inc. and B.C.-based LP Emerald Health Therapeutics Inc., announced on Tuesday that they were joining forces to develop a new e-commerce platform for Emerald products.
  • Emerald will use Namaste’s online technology to sell its cannabis alongside Namaste’s catalogue of “cannabis delivery devices.

Aphria Inc.’s announcement on Monday morning that it was buying little-known Nuuvera Inc. for an implied value of $826 million kicked the week off with a bang. By Friday, however, optimism in the sector had hit a wall. The Canadian Marijuana Index shed more than 30 per cent between Monday and Friday, and the week ended with a volatile day of sell-offs and opportunistic buys. While the cannabis stock market shuddered, companies continued to make deals. Here are a few you may have missed.

Emerald Goes Online

Namaste Technologies Inc., an online retailer of cannabis related products, and B.C.-based LP Emerald Health Therapeutics Inc., announced on Tuesday that they were joining forces to develop a new e-commerce platform for Emerald products. Emerald will use Namaste’s online technology to sell its cannabis alongside Namaste’s catalogue of “cannabis delivery devices.” Emerald will also provide product to Namaste’s subsidiary Cannmart Inc., which is currently applying for a sales-only licence under the ACMPR. Under the deal, the companies will each get 500,000 warrants for the other’s stocks.

Getting Clinical

On Thursday, licensed producer ABcann Global Corp. completed its acquisition of Harvest Medicine Inc., a medical cannabis clinic in Calgary with 9,700 patients, according to the company. ABcann plans to develop additional Harvest Medicine clinics, starting with one in Edmonton that’s expected to open this spring. It paid $1.5 million in cash and issued 1,056,338 shares to Harvest Medicine owners, with more promised if the company hits “certain performance milestones.”

Other deals

Winnipeg-based LP Delta 9 Cannabis Inc., which produces cannabis inside “grow pods” made of repurposed shipping containers, plans to develop a production facility in Southern Alberta with private company Westleaf Cannabis Inc. On Monday the companies announced they had signed a non-binding letter of intent to repurpose an existing building into an operation intended to produce 4,000 kilograms of dried flower a year. Each company will take a 50 per cent stake in the project, which, according to Delta 9, is expected to be up and running as early as Q3 2018.

Cannabis Wheaton Income Corp. entered into an agreement to buy Uruguay-based Inverell S.A. The federally licensed “cannabis operator,” based in Uruguay’s capital Montevideo, has 16 hectares planted and another 574 hectares available for cultivation, according to a press release from Wheaton Income. Wheaton Income is paying around $5.5 million in cash and shares, and another $9.5 million if Inverell hits certain goals.

iAnthus Capital Holdings Inc., which is based in the U.S. but trades on the Canadian Securities Exchange, acquired New York-based Citiva Medical for US$18 million in cash and shares. Citiva holds one of only 10 medical marijuana licences in New York, and plans to open four dispensaries over the next two years. According to Canaccord Genuity Corp. analyst Matt Bottomley, New York’s medical cannabis market could be worth up to $1 billion annually. There are still concerns, however, about how Canadian regulators will deal with Canadian-listed companies operating in the U.S. where the federal government recently announced its intent to enforce cannabis laws more strictly.

Source: http://business.financialpost.com/investing/the-week-in-marijuana-deals-emerald-online-abcann-gets-clinical-and-wheaton-goes-to-uruguay

Tetra Bio-Pharma $TBP.ca Receives Health Canada Phase 3 Clinical Trial Approval For Smokable Dried Cannabis Prescription Drug $ACB.ca $HIP.ca $WEED.ca $CMED.ca

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 8:45 AM on Monday, February 5th, 2018

Logo tetrabiopharma rgb web

  • Received a No Objection Letter (NOL) from the Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) Health Canada to its Clinical trial application  for the Company’s PPP001 prescription smokable dried cannabis product
  • Coinciding with World Cancer Day 2018, Tetra is now ready to initiate its Phase 3 clinical trial of PPP001 in terminal cancer patients, the first registration trial in the world for smokable cannabinoid-based drug

OTTAWA, ONTARIO–(Feb. 4, 2018) – Tetra Bio-Pharma Inc. (“Tetra” or the “Company“) (TSX VENTURE:TBP)(OTCQB:TBPMF), a global leader in cannabinoid-based drug development and discovery, is pleased to announce that it has received a No Objection Letter (NOL) from the Therapeutic Products Directorate (TPD) Health Canada to its Clinical trial application (CTA) for the Company’s PPP001 prescription smokable dried cannabis product.

Coinciding with World Cancer Day 2018, Tetra is now ready to initiate its Phase 3 clinical trial of PPP001 in terminal cancer patients, the first registration trial in the world for smokable cannabinoid-based drug. This trial is expected to be a landmark study, enrolling a total of 946 subjects, evaluating the therapeutic benefits of a cannabinoid prescription drug in improving quality of life and treating pain in terminal cancer patients.

“This is an especially significant and noteworthy milestone for the lead candidate in our product pipeline,” said Bernard Fortier, Tetra’s CEO, “as it positions Tetra to potentially be the first company with a Health Canada approved, cannabinoid-based drug on the market aimed at treating breakthrough pain in cancer patients. The advanced cancer pain market is a $2.4B market1; this is a significant and important opportunity for the Company as our drug PPP001 has the potential to help reduce the reliance on opioids for the management of severe pain.”

The first and main recruitment center of the trial will be in Montreal at Santé Cannabis, Québec’s first medical clinic and resource centre specializing in cannabis and cannabinoids for medical purposes.

The PPP001 Phase 3 trial will evaluate the effects of Tetra’s smokable cannabinoid-based drug made from natural dried cannabis. Tetra previously entered into a supply agreement with Aphria Inc., to use Aphria’s unique blend of dried medical cannabis in its PPP001 clinical trial. Aphria owns an 8.5% stake in Tetra.

As part of the clinical trial, Tetra will also collect the pharmaco-economics evidence required from insurers in order to support the reimbursement of the first cannabis prescription drug. “Today, most private insurance plans do not cover cannabis treatment, nor is public reimbursement available, making this therapeutic option costly for patients. It is very important for us to bring a new therapeutic option for patients in the form of an approved prescription drug and to take action in order to have it reimbursed for patients” commented Bernard Fortier, CEO.

The trial aims to demonstrate that PPP001 eases suffering and facilitates a more serene experience of living and dying in terminal cancer patients. If conclusive, Tetra will submit a filing for a Drug Identification Number (DIN) to Health Canada in 2019, thus providing a new noninvasive treatment to relieve pain for cancer patient. With this approval, Tetra expects to be on time with its previously announced schedule with the development of PPP001, culminating in a potential launch in Canada by Q1, 2020 and in the US by Q3, 2020.

Dr Guy Chamberland, Tetra’s Chief Scientific Officer (CSO) explained that: “The development of PPP001 for patients with advanced cancer is an important commitment for Tetra, given that cancer patients suffer from severe pain which is often accompanied by depression and insomnia. Medical cannabis has been shown to help patients beyond the immediate benefit of pain relief.”

“With the expertise of Santé Cannabis, we expect to demonstrate the clinical benefits of PPP001 on the quality of life of advanced cancer patients. It’s important to note that our clinical program will also address the potential of PPP001 to reduce the reliance on opioids for management of severe pain. We expect that, once it is approved as a drug under prescription, PPP001 will be included over time ahead of opioids treatment for those patients with terminal cancer pain. The Company will continue to maintain a transparent and direct line of communication with Health Canada and the U.S. FDA to ensure that we address the issues required for drug approval. PPP001 is about patients first, ” added Dr. Guy Chamberland.

Tetra worked with Santé Cannabis physicians to design a clinical trial that would demonstrate the safety and efficacy of PPP001 in terminal cancer patients and have focused the clinical development on a first indication in patients with advanced cancer. The Phase III clinical trial will be performed by the medical team of Santé Cannabis.

“Throughout my clinical experience assessing and following more than 600 medical cannabis patients, cannabis inhalation remains a critical option to provide rapid relief from a wide variety of symptoms associated with advanced cancer, ” said Dr. Antonio Vigano, Principal Investigator of the trial and Research Director of Santé Cannabis. “We will rigorously assess the safety, efficacy and tolerability of PPP001 to support the population of cancer patients by bringing an important therapeutic tool to the same standard of prescription drugs It is great to be celebrating World Cancer Day 2018 with the first large scale clinical study to prove that medical cannabis can ease the suffering and improve quality of life of many cancer patients, particularly when they most need it.”

About Cancer Pain:

In the USA, 1,5 million patients suffer from cancer pain2. Pain is one of the most frightening of all cancer symptoms for patients and their families3. According to statistics published by the American Cancer Society in 20024, 50% to 70% of people with cancer experience some degree of pain, with a quarter of them actually dying in pain. Without adequate relief of their pain, their quality of life is negatively impacted. Furthermore, the incidence of pain in advanced stages of invasive cancer approaches 80% and it is 90% in patients with bone metastases5.

  1. https://decisionresourcesgroup.com/report/141466-biopharma-cancer-pain-2015
  2. Melnikova I. Pain market 2010 ;, doi:10.1038/nrd3226
  3. Winslow M, Seymour J, Clark D. 2005. Stories of cancer pain: a historical perspective. J Pain Symptom Manage, 29:22-31.
  4. American Cancer Society. 2002. Cancer facts and figures 2002 
  5. Pharo GH, Zhou L. 2005. Pharmacologic Management of Cancer Pain. JAOA, 105:S21-28.

About PPP001:

PPP001 aims to be the first smokable marihuana for advanced cancer pain under prescription. It is a dried cannabis pellet designed to be smoked in an inhalation device specifically developed for this product. PPP001 is a unique blend of 3 strains of standardized dried cannabis, creating a drug substance with 9,5% THC and 2,5% CBD.

About Aphria:

Aphria Inc., one of Canada’s lowest cost producers, produces, supplies and sells medical cannabis. Located in Leamington, Ontario, the greenhouse capital of Canada, Aphria is truly powered by sunlight, allowing for the most natural growing conditions available. Aphria is committed to providing pharma-grade medical cannabis, superior patient care while balancing patient economics and returns to shareholders.

About Tetra Bio-Pharma:

Tetra Bio-Pharma (TSX VENTURE:TBP)(OTCQB:TBPMF) is a biopharmaceutical leader in cannabinoid-based drug discovery and clinical development. Tetra is focusing on three core business pillars: clinical research, pharmaceutical promotion and retail commercialization of cannabinoid-based products.

More information at: www.tetrabiopharma.com

Source: Tetra Bio-Pharma

Neither the TSX Venture Exchange nor its Regulation Services Provider (as that term is defined in the policies of the TSX Venture Exchange) accepts responsibility for the adequacy or accuracy of this release.

Forward-looking statements

Some statements in this release may contain forward-looking information. All statements, other than of historical fact, that address activities, events or developments that the Company believes, expects or anticipates will or may occur in the future (including, without limitation, statements regarding potential acquisitions and financings) are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are generally identifiable by use of the words “may”, “will”, “should”, “continue”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “estimate”, “believe”, “intend”, “plan” or “project” or the negative of these words or other variations on these words or comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company’s ability to control or predict, that may cause the actual results of the Company to differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, without limitation, the inability of the Company, through its wholly-owned subsidiary, GrowPros MMP Inc., to obtain a license for the production of medical marijuana; failure to obtain sufficient financing to execute the Company’s business plan; competition; regulation and anticipated and unanticipated costs and delays, the success of the Company’s research strategies, the applicability of the discoveries made therein, the successful and timely completion and uncertainties related to the regulatory process, the timing of clinical trials, the timing and outcomes of regulatory or intellectual property decisions and other risks disclosed in the Company’s public disclosure record on file with the relevant securities regulatory authorities. Although the Company has attempted to identify important factors that could cause actual results or events to differ materially from those described in forward-looking statements, there may be other factors that cause results or events not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. While no definitive documentation has yet been signed by the parties and there is no certainty that such documentation will be signed The forward-looking statements included in this news release are made as of the date of this news release and the Company does not undertake an obligation to publicly update such forward-looking statements to reflect new information, subsequent events or otherwise unless required by applicable securities legislation.

Tetra Bio-Pharma Inc.
Dr. Anne-Sophie Courtois, DVM
Vice President, Marketing & Communications
[email protected]
(514) 360-8040 Ext. 210

For media information, please contact :
Daniel Granger
[email protected]
ACJ Communication
O: 1 514 840 7990 / M: 1 514 232 1556

Tartisan Resources Corp. $TTC.ca Provides “Next Steps” For #Nickel Assets

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 8:36 AM on Monday, February 5th, 2018

Tartisan logo copy

  • Provide the next steps for the Company’s newly acquired nickel assets.
  • Kenbridge nickel-copper-cobalt project hosts an Indicated Resource of 3.7 MM tonnes at 0.64% nickel and 0.34% copper in a mineralized body with drilled dimensions of 250m along strike and to a depth of 823m

Toronto, Ontario – Tartisan Resources Corp. (CSE: TTC, FSE: 8TA) (“Tartisan”, or the “Company”) is pleased to provide the next steps for the Company’s newly acquired nickel assets.

Tartisan’s principal assets now include the Kenbridge Nickel-Copper-Cobalt Project near Kenora, Ontario and the Alexo-Kelex Nickel Project near Timmins, Ontario. These nickel assets join the Company’s significant equity holding in Eloro Resources Ltd. (Gold-Silver), the Don Pancho (Zinc-Lead-Silver-Manganese) Project and the Ichuna (Copper-Silver) Project located in Peru.

The Kenbridge nickel-copper-cobalt project hosts an Indicated Resource of 3.7 MM tonnes at 0.64% nickel and 0.34% copper in a mineralized body with drilled dimensions of 250m along strike and to a depth of 823m.  A Preliminary Economic Assessment (“PEA”) filed by Canadian Arrow Mines Limited in 2008 suggests a production solution of 2,800 tonnes per day from surface and underground using the existing 623m four-compartment shaft.

The Tartisan development strategy for the Kenbridge Project is initially three-pronged:

  • First, the Company has initiated discussions with geophysical contractors for a detailed geophysical survey of the Kenbridge Project with the goal of determining if further mineralization exists along strike; down dip; or down plunge.
  • Second, the Company is assimilating all the data from Canadian Arrow Mines Limited with the goal of understanding the constraints on the existing Indicated Resource at different modeling parameters within a block model of the project.
  • Third, the Company has initiated discussions with environmental consultants on starting the long-term baseline environmental surveys that would be required for any developmental solution for the Kenbridge Project in the future.

“We are accelerating the understanding of the Kenbridge Nickel-Copper-Cobalt Project”, said Tartisan CEO Mark Appleby, “because we believe that the PEA filed in 2008 mitigates the bulk of discovery risk and much of the developmental risk such that we want to ensure that a fast-track to development is in place for both technical endeavor and regulatory permitting.”

“For the Alexo-Kelex Nickel Project, Tartisan is assimilating the geological and geophysical data to determine whether a continuation of the small volume bulk sample mining of the Alexo Sector and the Kelex Sector, started by Canadian Arrow Mines Limited is feasible technically, and within relevant regulations as regards to bulk sampling and environmental remediation of past works”.

Canadian Arrow Mines Limited shipped about 30,000 tonnes of 1.3% nickel to a local mill for metallurgical analysis and processing in 2004 to 2005 from the Alexo-Kelex Nickel Project.

Additionally, at the Don Pancho Zinc-Lead-Silver-Manganese Project in Peru, negotiations are ongoing with consultants that specialize in community relations and environmental compliance as the Company gears up for a bulk sample and surface drilling program at Don Pancho.

Tartisan Resources Corp. common shares are listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE:TTC, FSE 8TA). Currently, there are 93,308,550 shares outstanding (105,142,594 fully diluted). Tartisan Resources is a member of the CSE Composite Index.

For further information, please contact Mr. D. Mark Appleby, President & CEO and a Director of the Company, at 416-804-0280 ([email protected]). Additional information about Tartisan can be found at the Company’s website at www.tartisanresources.com or on SEDAR at www.sedar.com.This news release may contain forward-looking statements including but not limited to comments regarding the timing and content of upcoming work programs, geological interpretations, receipt of property titles, potential mineral recovery processes, etc. Forward-looking statements address future events and conditions and therefore, involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those currently anticipated in such statements.

Jim Steel MBA, P.Geo., a Qualified Person in the context of NI 43-101, has reviewed and approved the technical content of this news release.

The Canadian Securities Exchange (operated by CNSX Markets Inc.) has neither approved nor disapproved of the contents of this press release.

To view the associated document to this release, please click on the following link:
public://news_release_pdf/tartisan02052018.pdf

To view the original release, please click here

Source: Tartisan Resources Corp. (CSE:TTC)

#Blockchain: A Very Short History Of #Ethereum Everyone Should Read $SX $SX.ca $IDK.ca #Blockstation $AAO.ca

Posted by AGORACOM-JC at 12:37 PM on Friday, February 2nd, 2018
  • Even those who are not familiar with blockchain are likely to have heard about Bitcoin, the cryptocurrency and payment system that uses the technology.
  • Another platform called Ethereum, that also uses blockchain, is predicted by some experts to overtake Bitcoin this year.

Bernard Marr , Contributor Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own.

AdobeStock

What is Ethereum?

Ethereum is an open-source, public service that uses blockchain technology to facilitate smart contracts and cryptocurrency trading securely without a third party. There are two accounts available through Ethereum: externally owned accounts (controlled by private keys influenced by human users) and contract accounts. Ethereum allows developers to deploy all kinds of decentralized apps. Even though Bitcoin remains the most popular cryptocurrency, it’s Ethereum’s aggressive growth that have many speculating it will soon overtake Bitcoin in usage.

How is Ethereum different than Bitcoin?

While there are many similarities between Ethereum and Bitcoin, there are also significant differences. Here are a few:

  • Bitcoin trades in cryptocurrency, while Ethereum offers several methods of exchange including cryptocurrency (Ethereum’s is called Ether), smart contracts and the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).
  • They are based on different security protocols: Ethereum uses a ‘proof of stake’ system as opposed the ‘proof of work’ system used by Bitcoin.
  • Bitcoin allows only public (permissionless or censor-proof) transactions to take place; Ethereum allows both permissioned and permissionless transactions.
  • The average block time for Ethereum is significantly less than Bitcoin’s; 12 seconds versus 10 minutes. This translates into more block confirmations which allows Ethereum’s miners to complete more blocks and receive more Ether.
  • It is estimated that by 2021 only half of the Ether coins will be mined (a supply of more than 90 million tokens), but the majority of Bitcoins already have been mined (its supply is capped at 21 million).
  • For Bitcoin, the computers (called miners) running the platform and verifying the transactions receive rewards. Basically, the first computer that solves each new block gets bitcoins (or a fraction of one) as a reward. Ethereum does not offer block rewards and instead allows miners to take a transaction fee.

What are the advantages of Ethereum?

Proponents of Ethereum believe its main advantage over Bitcoin is that it allows individuals and companies to do much more than just transfer money between entities leading Bloomberg to write it’s “the hottest platform in the world of cryptocurrencies and blockchains” and companies such as JPMorgan Chase, Intel and Microsoft to invest in it.

Ethereum’s co-founder, Vitalik Buterin said, “I thought [those in the Bitcoin community] weren’t approaching the problem in the right way. I thought they were going after individual applications; they were trying to kind of explicitly support each [use case] in a sort of Swiss Army knife protocol.”

He envisioned a different way.

Buterin was introduced and intrigued by blockchain technology when he got involved in Bitcoin as a 17-year-old programmer in 2011 and co-founded Bitcoin Magazine. He started to imagine a platform that went beyond the financial use cases allowed by Bitcoin and released a white paper in 2013 describing what would ultimately become Ethereum using a general scripting language.

The key differentiator from Bitcoin was the platform’s ability to trade more than just cryptocurrency.

In 2014, Buterin and the other co-founders of Ethereum launched a crowdsourcing campaign where they sold participants Ether (Ethereum tokens) to get their vision off the ground and raised more than $18 million. The first live release of Ethereum known as Frontier was launched in 2015. Since then, the platform has grown rapidly and today there are hundreds of developers involved.

Ultimately, Buterin hopes Ethereum will be the solution for all use cases of blockchain that don’t have a specialized system to turn to.

Ethereum is still experiencing growing pains and suffers from some of the same issues that Bitcoin does primarily in its scalability. In 2016, $50 million in Ether was stolen by an anonymous hacker which resulted in questions about the platform’s security. This caused a split within the Ethereum community and it broke off into two blockchains: Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum Classic (ETC).

There have been dramatic fluctuations in the price of Ether, but the Ethereum currency grew more than 13,000 percent in 2017. This tremendous growth is attractive to many investors, but the volatility makes other investors cautious.

It’s still a very young platform, but its potential and applications could be limitless. Ethereum’s infrastructure was enhanced over the last few years when it was challenged with security issues and since it’s less monopolistic than Bitcoin, it is more open to reform measures that might ultimately make it a superior solution to Bitcoin.

Bernard Marr is a best-selling author & keynote speaker on business, technology and big data. His new book is Data Strategy. To read his future posts simply join his network here.

Source: https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/02/02/blockchain-a-very-short-history-of-ethereum-everyone-should-read/2/#26dbb6664abc